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While the mantle of parenting is sometimes held as the necessary path of adulthood, study findings are actually mixed as to whether parents report higher levels of happiness relative to non-parents. Folk wisdom suggests a child brings partners closer; research has found couples actually become less satisfied after the birth of the first child.[61] The joys of having a child are overshadowed by the responsibilities of parenthood.[62] Based on quantitative self-reports, researchers found parents prefer doing almost anything else to looking after their children. By contrast, parents' self-report levels of happiness are higher than those of non-parents. This may be due to already happy people having more children than unhappy people. In addition, it might also be that, in the long-term, having children gives more meaning to life.[63][64] One study found having up to three children increased happiness among married couples, but not among other groups with children.[65] Proponents of Childfreedom maintain this is because one can enjoy a happy, productive life without the trouble of ever being a parent.
By contrast, many studies found having children makes parents less happy. Compared with non-parents, parents with children have lower levels of well-being and life satisfaction.[66] In addition, parents report more feelings of depression[62] and anxiety[67] than non-parents. However, when adults without children are compared to empty nest parents, parenthood is positively associated with emotional well being.[62] People found parenthood to be more stressful in the 1970s than they did in the 1950s. This is thought to be because of social changes in regards to employment and marital status.[67]
Males apparently become less happy after the birth of a child due to added economic pressure and taking on the role of being a parent.[61] A conflict between partners can arise when the couple does not desire traditional roles, or has an increasing number of roles.[61] Unequal responsibilities of child-rearing between men and women account for this difference in satisfaction. Fathers who worked and shared an equal part in child-raising responsibilities were found to be the least satisfied.[68] Research shows that single parents have higher levels of distress and report more mental health problems than married persons.